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shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","$ whoami                                       # 查看当前用户\n$ id                                           # 查看当前用户 uid\u002Fgid 及所属组\n$ id \u003Cusername>                                # 查看指定用户信息\n$ cat \u002Fetc\u002Fpasswd                              # 查看所有用户列表\n$ getent passwd \u003Cusername>                     # 查询用户条目（含 LDAP\u002FNSS）\n$ sudo useradd \u003Cusername>                      # 添加用户\n$ sudo useradd -m -s \u002Fbin\u002Fbash \u003Cusername>      # 添加用户并创建主目录、指定 shell\n$ sudo passwd \u003Cusername>                       # 设置或修改用户密码\n$ sudo userdel \u003Cusername>                      # 删除用户（保留主目录）\n$ sudo userdel -r \u003Cusername>                   # 删除用户及主目录 # [注意] 数据不可恢复\n$ sudo usermod -aG \u003Cgroup> \u003Cusername>          # 将用户追加到附加组\n$ sudo usermod -s \u002Fbin\u002Fbash \u003Cusername>         # 修改默认 shell\n$ sudo usermod -d \u002Fnew\u002Fhome \u003Cusername>         # 修改主目录\n$ su - \u003Cusername>                              # 切换用户并加载其环境\n$ su \u003Cusername>                                # 仅切换身份，不加载登录环境\n",[183,184,185,186],1,4,8,12,"bash","",[190,191,192,210,221,245,259,281,303,332,352,373,396,430,454,480,502],"code",{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,194,198,202,206],"span",{"class":195,"line":183},[196,197],"line","highlight",[193,199,201],{"class":200},"sBMFI","$",[193,203,205],{"class":204},"sfazB"," whoami",[193,207,209],{"class":208},"sHwdD","                                       # 查看当前用户\n",[193,211,213,215,218],{"class":196,"line":212},2,[193,214,201],{"class":200},[193,216,217],{"class":204}," id",[193,219,220],{"class":208},"                                           # 查看当前用户 uid\u002Fgid 及所属组\n",[193,222,224,226,228,232,235,239,242],{"class":196,"line":223},3,[193,225,201],{"class":200},[193,227,217],{"class":204},[193,229,231],{"class":230},"sMK4o"," \u003C",[193,233,234],{"class":204},"usernam",[193,236,238],{"class":237},"sTEyZ","e",[193,240,241],{"class":230},">",[193,243,244],{"class":208},"                                # 查看指定用户信息\n",[193,246,248,250,253,256],{"class":247,"line":184},[196,197],[193,249,201],{"class":200},[193,251,252],{"class":204}," cat",[193,254,255],{"class":204}," \u002Fetc\u002Fpasswd",[193,257,258],{"class":208},"                              # 查看所有用户列表\n",[193,260,262,264,267,270,272,274,276,278],{"class":196,"line":261},5,[193,263,201],{"class":200},[193,265,266],{"class":204}," getent",[193,268,269],{"class":204}," passwd",[193,271,231],{"class":230},[193,273,234],{"class":204},[193,275,238],{"class":237},[193,277,241],{"class":230},[193,279,280],{"class":208},"                     # 查询用户条目（含 LDAP\u002FNSS）\n",[193,282,284,286,289,292,294,296,298,300],{"class":196,"line":283},6,[193,285,201],{"class":200},[193,287,288],{"class":204}," sudo",[193,290,291],{"class":204}," useradd",[193,293,231],{"class":230},[193,295,234],{"class":204},[193,297,238],{"class":237},[193,299,241],{"class":230},[193,301,302],{"class":208},"                      # 添加用户\n",[193,304,306,308,310,312,315,318,321,323,325,327,329],{"class":196,"line":305},7,[193,307,201],{"class":200},[193,309,288],{"class":204},[193,311,291],{"class":204},[193,313,314],{"class":204}," -m",[193,316,317],{"class":204}," -s",[193,319,320],{"class":204}," \u002Fbin\u002Fbash",[193,322,231],{"class":230},[193,324,234],{"class":204},[193,326,238],{"class":237},[193,328,241],{"class":230},[193,330,331],{"class":208},"      # 添加用户并创建主目录、指定 shell\n",[193,333,335,337,339,341,343,345,347,349],{"class":334,"line":185},[196,197],[193,336,201],{"class":200},[193,338,288],{"class":204},[193,340,269],{"class":204},[193,342,231],{"class":230},[193,344,234],{"class":204},[193,346,238],{"class":237},[193,348,241],{"class":230},[193,350,351],{"class":208},"                       # 设置或修改用户密码\n",[193,353,355,357,359,362,364,366,368,370],{"class":196,"line":354},9,[193,356,201],{"class":200},[193,358,288],{"class":204},[193,360,361],{"class":204}," userdel",[193,363,231],{"class":230},[193,365,234],{"class":204},[193,367,238],{"class":237},[193,369,241],{"class":230},[193,371,372],{"class":208},"                      # 删除用户（保留主目录）\n",[193,374,376,378,380,382,385,387,389,391,393],{"class":196,"line":375},10,[193,377,201],{"class":200},[193,379,288],{"class":204},[193,381,361],{"class":204},[193,383,384],{"class":204}," -r",[193,386,231],{"class":230},[193,388,234],{"class":204},[193,390,238],{"class":237},[193,392,241],{"class":230},[193,394,395],{"class":208},"                   # 删除用户及主目录 # [注意] 数据不可恢复\n",[193,397,399,401,403,406,409,411,414,417,419,421,423,425,427],{"class":196,"line":398},11,[193,400,201],{"class":200},[193,402,288],{"class":204},[193,404,405],{"class":204}," usermod",[193,407,408],{"class":204}," -aG",[193,410,231],{"class":230},[193,412,413],{"class":204},"grou",[193,415,416],{"class":237},"p",[193,418,241],{"class":230},[193,420,231],{"class":230},[193,422,234],{"class":204},[193,424,238],{"class":237},[193,426,241],{"class":230},[193,428,429],{"class":208},"          # 将用户追加到附加组\n",[193,431,433,435,437,439,441,443,445,447,449,451],{"class":432,"line":186},[196,197],[193,434,201],{"class":200},[193,436,288],{"class":204},[193,438,405],{"class":204},[193,440,317],{"class":204},[193,442,320],{"class":204},[193,444,231],{"class":230},[193,446,234],{"class":204},[193,448,238],{"class":237},[193,450,241],{"class":230},[193,452,453],{"class":208},"         # 修改默认 shell\n",[193,455,457,459,461,463,466,469,471,473,475,477],{"class":196,"line":456},13,[193,458,201],{"class":200},[193,460,288],{"class":204},[193,462,405],{"class":204},[193,464,465],{"class":204}," -d",[193,467,468],{"class":204}," \u002Fnew\u002Fhome",[193,470,231],{"class":230},[193,472,234],{"class":204},[193,474,238],{"class":237},[193,476,241],{"class":230},[193,478,479],{"class":208},"         # 修改主目录\n",[193,481,483,485,488,491,493,495,497,499],{"class":196,"line":482},14,[193,484,201],{"class":200},[193,486,487],{"class":204}," su",[193,489,490],{"class":204}," -",[193,492,231],{"class":230},[193,494,234],{"class":204},[193,496,238],{"class":237},[193,498,241],{"class":230},[193,500,501],{"class":208},"                              # 切换用户并加载其环境\n",[193,503,505,507,509,511,513,515,517],{"class":196,"line":504},15,[193,506,201],{"class":200},[193,508,487],{"class":204},[193,510,231],{"class":230},[193,512,234],{"class":204},[193,514,238],{"class":237},[193,516,241],{"class":230},[193,518,519],{"class":208},"                                # 仅切换身份，不加载登录环境\n",[174,521,522],{"id":522},"组管理",[178,524,527],{"className":180,"code":525,"highlights":526,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ groups \u003Cusername>                            # 查看用户所属组\n$ getent group                                 # 查看所有组\n$ getent group \u003Cgroupname>                     # 查看指定组及成员\n$ sudo groupadd \u003Cgroupname>                    # 添加组\n$ sudo groupdel \u003Cgroupname>                    # 删除组 # [注意] 仍有用户的主组时可能失败\n$ sudo gpasswd -a \u003Cusername> \u003Cgroupname>       # 将用户加入组\n$ sudo gpasswd -d \u003Cusername> \u003Cgroupname>       # 将用户从组移除\n",[183,184,305],[190,528,529,548,560,580,601,621,652],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,530,532,534,537,539,541,543,545],{"class":531,"line":183},[196,197],[193,533,201],{"class":200},[193,535,536],{"class":204}," groups",[193,538,231],{"class":230},[193,540,234],{"class":204},[193,542,238],{"class":237},[193,544,241],{"class":230},[193,546,547],{"class":208},"                            # 查看用户所属组\n",[193,549,550,552,554,557],{"class":196,"line":212},[193,551,201],{"class":200},[193,553,266],{"class":204},[193,555,556],{"class":204}," group",[193,558,559],{"class":208},"                                 # 查看所有组\n",[193,561,562,564,566,568,570,573,575,577],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,563,201],{"class":200},[193,565,266],{"class":204},[193,567,556],{"class":204},[193,569,231],{"class":230},[193,571,572],{"class":204},"groupnam",[193,574,238],{"class":237},[193,576,241],{"class":230},[193,578,579],{"class":208},"                     # 查看指定组及成员\n",[193,581,583,585,587,590,592,594,596,598],{"class":582,"line":184},[196,197],[193,584,201],{"class":200},[193,586,288],{"class":204},[193,588,589],{"class":204}," groupadd",[193,591,231],{"class":230},[193,593,572],{"class":204},[193,595,238],{"class":237},[193,597,241],{"class":230},[193,599,600],{"class":208},"                    # 添加组\n",[193,602,603,605,607,610,612,614,616,618],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,604,201],{"class":200},[193,606,288],{"class":204},[193,608,609],{"class":204}," groupdel",[193,611,231],{"class":230},[193,613,572],{"class":204},[193,615,238],{"class":237},[193,617,241],{"class":230},[193,619,620],{"class":208},"                    # 删除组 # [注意] 仍有用户的主组时可能失败\n",[193,622,623,625,627,630,633,635,637,639,641,643,645,647,649],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,624,201],{"class":200},[193,626,288],{"class":204},[193,628,629],{"class":204}," gpasswd",[193,631,632],{"class":204}," -a",[193,634,231],{"class":230},[193,636,234],{"class":204},[193,638,238],{"class":237},[193,640,241],{"class":230},[193,642,231],{"class":230},[193,644,572],{"class":204},[193,646,238],{"class":237},[193,648,241],{"class":230},[193,650,651],{"class":208},"       # 将用户加入组\n",[193,653,655,657,659,661,663,665,667,669,671,673,675,677,679],{"class":654,"line":305},[196,197],[193,656,201],{"class":200},[193,658,288],{"class":204},[193,660,629],{"class":204},[193,662,465],{"class":204},[193,664,231],{"class":230},[193,666,234],{"class":204},[193,668,238],{"class":237},[193,670,241],{"class":230},[193,672,231],{"class":230},[193,674,572],{"class":204},[193,676,238],{"class":237},[193,678,241],{"class":230},[193,680,681],{"class":208},"       # 将用户从组移除\n",[174,683,684],{"id":684},"密码与账户",[178,686,689],{"className":180,"code":687,"highlights":688,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ passwd                                       # 修改当前用户密码\n$ sudo passwd \u003Cusername>                       # root 修改其他用户密码\n$ sudo passwd -l \u003Cusername>                    # 锁定账户\n$ sudo passwd -u \u003Cusername>                    # 解锁账户\n$ sudo chage -l \u003Cusername>                     # 查看密码过期策略\n$ sudo faillock --user \u003Cusername>              # 查看账户登录失败锁定状态（部分发行版）\n",[183,223,184],[190,690,691,701,720,743,766,788],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,692,694,696,698],{"class":693,"line":183},[196,197],[193,695,201],{"class":200},[193,697,269],{"class":204},[193,699,700],{"class":208},"                                       # 修改当前用户密码\n",[193,702,703,705,707,709,711,713,715,717],{"class":196,"line":212},[193,704,201],{"class":200},[193,706,288],{"class":204},[193,708,269],{"class":204},[193,710,231],{"class":230},[193,712,234],{"class":204},[193,714,238],{"class":237},[193,716,241],{"class":230},[193,718,719],{"class":208},"                       # root 修改其他用户密码\n",[193,721,723,725,727,729,732,734,736,738,740],{"class":722,"line":223},[196,197],[193,724,201],{"class":200},[193,726,288],{"class":204},[193,728,269],{"class":204},[193,730,731],{"class":204}," -l",[193,733,231],{"class":230},[193,735,234],{"class":204},[193,737,238],{"class":237},[193,739,241],{"class":230},[193,741,742],{"class":208},"                    # 锁定账户\n",[193,744,746,748,750,752,755,757,759,761,763],{"class":745,"line":184},[196,197],[193,747,201],{"class":200},[193,749,288],{"class":204},[193,751,269],{"class":204},[193,753,754],{"class":204}," -u",[193,756,231],{"class":230},[193,758,234],{"class":204},[193,760,238],{"class":237},[193,762,241],{"class":230},[193,764,765],{"class":208},"                    # 解锁账户\n",[193,767,768,770,772,775,777,779,781,783,785],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,769,201],{"class":200},[193,771,288],{"class":204},[193,773,774],{"class":204}," chage",[193,776,731],{"class":204},[193,778,231],{"class":230},[193,780,234],{"class":204},[193,782,238],{"class":237},[193,784,241],{"class":230},[193,786,787],{"class":208},"                     # 查看密码过期策略\n",[193,789,790,792,794,797,800,802,804,806,808],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,791,201],{"class":200},[193,793,288],{"class":204},[193,795,796],{"class":204}," faillock",[193,798,799],{"class":204}," --user",[193,801,231],{"class":230},[193,803,234],{"class":204},[193,805,238],{"class":237},[193,807,241],{"class":230},[193,809,810],{"class":208},"              # 查看账户登录失败锁定状态（部分发行版）\n",[174,812,813],{"id":813},"文件权限与所有者",[815,816,817,820],"tip",{},[416,818,819],{},"说明",[821,822,823,843],"ul",{},[824,825,826,830,831,834,835,838,839,842],"li",{},[827,828,829],"strong",{},"所有者","（owner）：",[190,832,833],{},"ls -l"," 第三列，拥有该文件的用户；",[190,836,837],{},"chmod"," 的 ",[190,840,841],{},"u"," 即所有者（user）。",[824,844,845,848,849,851,852,838,854,857],{},[827,846,847],{},"所属用户组","（group）：",[190,850,833],{}," 第四列；",[190,853,837],{},[190,855,856],{},"g"," 即组内用户（group）。",[178,859,862],{"className":180,"code":860,"highlights":861,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ ls -l \u003Cfile>                                 # 查看权限、所有者、所属用户组\n$ chmod 644 \u003Cfile>                             # 数字模式修改权限\n$ chmod u+x \u003Cfile>                             # 符号模式：所有者（u）增加执行权限\n$ chmod -R 755 \u003Cdir>                           # 递归修改目录权限\n$ chown \u003Cuser>:\u003Cgroup> \u003Cfile>                  # 修改所有者与所属用户组\n$ chown \u003Cuser> \u003Cfile>                          # 仅修改所有者\n$ chgrp \u003Cgroup> \u003Cfile>                         # 仅修改所属用户组\n$ umask                                        # 查看默认权限掩码\n$ sudo find \u002F -user \u003Cusername> 2>\u002Fdev\u002Fnull     # 查找所有者为指定用户的文件\n$ sudo find \u002F -group \u003Cgroupname> 2>\u002Fdev\u002Fnull   # 查找所属用户组为指定组的文件\n$ getfacl \u003Cfile>                               # 查看 ACL 权限\n$ setfacl -m u:\u003Cuser>:rwx \u003Cfile>               # 为用户设置 ACL # [注意] 需文件系统支持 ACL\n",[183,184,305,375],[190,863,864,886,908,928,954,993,1018,1045,1055,1087,1116,1134],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,865,867,869,872,874,876,879,881,883],{"class":866,"line":183},[196,197],[193,868,201],{"class":200},[193,870,871],{"class":204}," ls",[193,873,731],{"class":204},[193,875,231],{"class":230},[193,877,878],{"class":204},"fil",[193,880,238],{"class":237},[193,882,241],{"class":230},[193,884,885],{"class":208},"                                 # 查看权限、所有者、所属用户组\n",[193,887,888,890,893,897,899,901,903,905],{"class":196,"line":212},[193,889,201],{"class":200},[193,891,892],{"class":204}," chmod",[193,894,896],{"class":895},"sbssI"," 644",[193,898,231],{"class":230},[193,900,878],{"class":204},[193,902,238],{"class":237},[193,904,241],{"class":230},[193,906,907],{"class":208},"                             # 数字模式修改权限\n",[193,909,910,912,914,917,919,921,923,925],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,911,201],{"class":200},[193,913,892],{"class":204},[193,915,916],{"class":204}," u+x",[193,918,231],{"class":230},[193,920,878],{"class":204},[193,922,238],{"class":237},[193,924,241],{"class":230},[193,926,927],{"class":208},"                             # 符号模式：所有者（u）增加执行权限\n",[193,929,931,933,935,938,941,943,946,949,951],{"class":930,"line":184},[196,197],[193,932,201],{"class":200},[193,934,892],{"class":204},[193,936,937],{"class":204}," -R",[193,939,940],{"class":895}," 755",[193,942,231],{"class":230},[193,944,945],{"class":204},"di",[193,947,948],{"class":237},"r",[193,950,241],{"class":230},[193,952,953],{"class":208},"                           # 递归修改目录权限\n",[193,955,956,958,961,963,966,968,970,973,976,978,980,982,984,986,988,990],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,957,201],{"class":200},[193,959,960],{"class":204}," chown",[193,962,231],{"class":230},[193,964,965],{"class":204},"use",[193,967,948],{"class":237},[193,969,241],{"class":230},[193,971,972],{"class":204},":",[193,974,975],{"class":230},"\u003C",[193,977,413],{"class":204},[193,979,416],{"class":237},[193,981,241],{"class":230},[193,983,231],{"class":230},[193,985,878],{"class":204},[193,987,238],{"class":237},[193,989,241],{"class":230},[193,991,992],{"class":208},"                  # 修改所有者与所属用户组\n",[193,994,995,997,999,1001,1003,1005,1007,1009,1011,1013,1015],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,996,201],{"class":200},[193,998,960],{"class":204},[193,1000,231],{"class":230},[193,1002,965],{"class":204},[193,1004,948],{"class":237},[193,1006,241],{"class":230},[193,1008,231],{"class":230},[193,1010,878],{"class":204},[193,1012,238],{"class":237},[193,1014,241],{"class":230},[193,1016,1017],{"class":208},"                          # 仅修改所有者\n",[193,1019,1021,1023,1026,1028,1030,1032,1034,1036,1038,1040,1042],{"class":1020,"line":305},[196,197],[193,1022,201],{"class":200},[193,1024,1025],{"class":204}," chgrp",[193,1027,231],{"class":230},[193,1029,413],{"class":204},[193,1031,416],{"class":237},[193,1033,241],{"class":230},[193,1035,231],{"class":230},[193,1037,878],{"class":204},[193,1039,238],{"class":237},[193,1041,241],{"class":230},[193,1043,1044],{"class":208},"                         # 仅修改所属用户组\n",[193,1046,1047,1049,1052],{"class":196,"line":185},[193,1048,201],{"class":200},[193,1050,1051],{"class":204}," umask",[193,1053,1054],{"class":208},"                                        # 查看默认权限掩码\n",[193,1056,1057,1059,1061,1064,1067,1070,1072,1074,1076,1078,1081,1084],{"class":196,"line":354},[193,1058,201],{"class":200},[193,1060,288],{"class":204},[193,1062,1063],{"class":204}," find",[193,1065,1066],{"class":204}," \u002F",[193,1068,1069],{"class":204}," -user",[193,1071,231],{"class":230},[193,1073,234],{"class":204},[193,1075,238],{"class":237},[193,1077,241],{"class":230},[193,1079,1080],{"class":230}," 2>",[193,1082,1083],{"class":204},"\u002Fdev\u002Fnull",[193,1085,1086],{"class":208},"     # 查找所有者为指定用户的文件\n",[193,1088,1090,1092,1094,1096,1098,1101,1103,1105,1107,1109,1111,1113],{"class":1089,"line":375},[196,197],[193,1091,201],{"class":200},[193,1093,288],{"class":204},[193,1095,1063],{"class":204},[193,1097,1066],{"class":204},[193,1099,1100],{"class":204}," -group",[193,1102,231],{"class":230},[193,1104,572],{"class":204},[193,1106,238],{"class":237},[193,1108,241],{"class":230},[193,1110,1080],{"class":230},[193,1112,1083],{"class":204},[193,1114,1115],{"class":208},"   # 查找所属用户组为指定组的文件\n",[193,1117,1118,1120,1123,1125,1127,1129,1131],{"class":196,"line":398},[193,1119,201],{"class":200},[193,1121,1122],{"class":204}," getfacl",[193,1124,231],{"class":230},[193,1126,878],{"class":204},[193,1128,238],{"class":237},[193,1130,241],{"class":230},[193,1132,1133],{"class":208},"                               # 查看 ACL 权限\n",[193,1135,1136,1138,1141,1143,1146,1148,1150,1152,1154,1157,1159,1161,1163,1165],{"class":196,"line":186},[193,1137,201],{"class":200},[193,1139,1140],{"class":204}," setfacl",[193,1142,314],{"class":204},[193,1144,1145],{"class":204}," u:",[193,1147,975],{"class":230},[193,1149,965],{"class":204},[193,1151,948],{"class":237},[193,1153,241],{"class":230},[193,1155,1156],{"class":204},":rwx",[193,1158,231],{"class":230},[193,1160,878],{"class":204},[193,1162,238],{"class":237},[193,1164,241],{"class":230},[193,1166,1167],{"class":208},"               # 为用户设置 ACL # [注意] 需文件系统支持 ACL\n",[174,1169,1170],{"id":1170},"进程管理",[178,1172,1175],{"className":180,"code":1173,"highlights":1174,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ ps -u \u003Cusername>                             # 查看指定用户的进程\n$ pgrep -u \u003Cusername>                          # 列出指定用户的进程 pid\n$ pgrep \u003Cprocname>                             # 按进程名查找 pid\n$ sudo pkill -u \u003Cusername>                     # 终止指定用户的进程\n$ sudo pkill -9 -u \u003Cusername>                  # 强制终止指定用户所有进程 # [注意] 可能导致数据丢失\n$ sudo killall -u \u003Cusername>                   # 终止指定用户的所有同名进程\n$ nice -n 10 \u003Ccommand>                         # 以较低优先级启动进程\n$ renice -n 5 -p \u003Cpid>                         # 调整运行中进程的优先级\n",[183,223,261],[190,1176,1177,1198,1218,1237,1259,1284,1306,1332],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,1178,1180,1182,1185,1187,1189,1191,1193,1195],{"class":1179,"line":183},[196,197],[193,1181,201],{"class":200},[193,1183,1184],{"class":204}," ps",[193,1186,754],{"class":204},[193,1188,231],{"class":230},[193,1190,234],{"class":204},[193,1192,238],{"class":237},[193,1194,241],{"class":230},[193,1196,1197],{"class":208},"                             # 查看指定用户的进程\n",[193,1199,1200,1202,1205,1207,1209,1211,1213,1215],{"class":196,"line":212},[193,1201,201],{"class":200},[193,1203,1204],{"class":204}," pgrep",[193,1206,754],{"class":204},[193,1208,231],{"class":230},[193,1210,234],{"class":204},[193,1212,238],{"class":237},[193,1214,241],{"class":230},[193,1216,1217],{"class":208},"                          # 列出指定用户的进程 pid\n",[193,1219,1221,1223,1225,1227,1230,1232,1234],{"class":1220,"line":223},[196,197],[193,1222,201],{"class":200},[193,1224,1204],{"class":204},[193,1226,231],{"class":230},[193,1228,1229],{"class":204},"procnam",[193,1231,238],{"class":237},[193,1233,241],{"class":230},[193,1235,1236],{"class":208},"                             # 按进程名查找 pid\n",[193,1238,1239,1241,1243,1246,1248,1250,1252,1254,1256],{"class":196,"line":184},[193,1240,201],{"class":200},[193,1242,288],{"class":204},[193,1244,1245],{"class":204}," pkill",[193,1247,754],{"class":204},[193,1249,231],{"class":230},[193,1251,234],{"class":204},[193,1253,238],{"class":237},[193,1255,241],{"class":230},[193,1257,1258],{"class":208},"                     # 终止指定用户的进程\n",[193,1260,1262,1264,1266,1268,1271,1273,1275,1277,1279,1281],{"class":1261,"line":261},[196,197],[193,1263,201],{"class":200},[193,1265,288],{"class":204},[193,1267,1245],{"class":204},[193,1269,1270],{"class":204}," -9",[193,1272,754],{"class":204},[193,1274,231],{"class":230},[193,1276,234],{"class":204},[193,1278,238],{"class":237},[193,1280,241],{"class":230},[193,1282,1283],{"class":208},"                  # 强制终止指定用户所有进程 # [注意] 可能导致数据丢失\n",[193,1285,1286,1288,1290,1293,1295,1297,1299,1301,1303],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,1287,201],{"class":200},[193,1289,288],{"class":204},[193,1291,1292],{"class":204}," killall",[193,1294,754],{"class":204},[193,1296,231],{"class":230},[193,1298,234],{"class":204},[193,1300,238],{"class":237},[193,1302,241],{"class":230},[193,1304,1305],{"class":208},"                   # 终止指定用户的所有同名进程\n",[193,1307,1308,1310,1313,1316,1319,1321,1324,1327,1329],{"class":196,"line":305},[193,1309,201],{"class":200},[193,1311,1312],{"class":204}," nice",[193,1314,1315],{"class":204}," -n",[193,1317,1318],{"class":895}," 10",[193,1320,231],{"class":230},[193,1322,1323],{"class":204},"comman",[193,1325,1326],{"class":237},"d",[193,1328,241],{"class":230},[193,1330,1331],{"class":208},"                         # 以较低优先级启动进程\n",[193,1333,1334,1336,1339,1341,1344,1347,1349,1352,1354,1356],{"class":196,"line":185},[193,1335,201],{"class":200},[193,1337,1338],{"class":204}," renice",[193,1340,1315],{"class":204},[193,1342,1343],{"class":895}," 5",[193,1345,1346],{"class":204}," -p",[193,1348,231],{"class":230},[193,1350,1351],{"class":204},"pi",[193,1353,1326],{"class":237},[193,1355,241],{"class":230},[193,1357,1358],{"class":208},"                         # 调整运行中进程的优先级\n",[174,1360,1361],{"id":1361},"服务管理",[178,1363,1366],{"className":180,"code":1364,"highlights":1365,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ systemctl status \u003Cservice>                   # 查看服务状态\n$ systemctl start \u003Cservice>                    # 启动服务\n$ systemctl stop \u003Cservice>                     # 停止服务\n$ systemctl restart \u003Cservice>                  # 重启服务\n$ systemctl reload \u003Cservice>                   # 重载配置（不中断主进程）\n$ systemctl enable \u003Cservice>                   # 设置开机自启\n$ systemctl disable \u003Cservice>                  # 取消开机自启\n$ systemctl is-active \u003Cservice>                # 检查服务是否运行中\n$ systemctl list-units --type=service          # 列出已加载的服务单元\n$ systemctl daemon-reload                      # 重新加载 unit 配置\n$ journalctl -u \u003Cservice>                      # 查看指定服务日志\n$ journalctl -u \u003Cservice> -f                   # 实时跟踪服务日志\n$ journalctl -xe                               # 查看最近系统错误日志\n",[183,212,223,305,185],[190,1367,1368,1391,1412,1433,1453,1473,1493,1514,1535,1550,1562,1582,1604],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,1369,1371,1373,1376,1379,1381,1384,1386,1388],{"class":1370,"line":183},[196,197],[193,1372,201],{"class":200},[193,1374,1375],{"class":204}," systemctl",[193,1377,1378],{"class":204}," status",[193,1380,231],{"class":230},[193,1382,1383],{"class":204},"servic",[193,1385,238],{"class":237},[193,1387,241],{"class":230},[193,1389,1390],{"class":208},"                   # 查看服务状态\n",[193,1392,1394,1396,1398,1401,1403,1405,1407,1409],{"class":1393,"line":212},[196,197],[193,1395,201],{"class":200},[193,1397,1375],{"class":204},[193,1399,1400],{"class":204}," start",[193,1402,231],{"class":230},[193,1404,1383],{"class":204},[193,1406,238],{"class":237},[193,1408,241],{"class":230},[193,1410,1411],{"class":208},"                    # 启动服务\n",[193,1413,1415,1417,1419,1422,1424,1426,1428,1430],{"class":1414,"line":223},[196,197],[193,1416,201],{"class":200},[193,1418,1375],{"class":204},[193,1420,1421],{"class":204}," stop",[193,1423,231],{"class":230},[193,1425,1383],{"class":204},[193,1427,238],{"class":237},[193,1429,241],{"class":230},[193,1431,1432],{"class":208},"                     # 停止服务\n",[193,1434,1435,1437,1439,1442,1444,1446,1448,1450],{"class":196,"line":184},[193,1436,201],{"class":200},[193,1438,1375],{"class":204},[193,1440,1441],{"class":204}," restart",[193,1443,231],{"class":230},[193,1445,1383],{"class":204},[193,1447,238],{"class":237},[193,1449,241],{"class":230},[193,1451,1452],{"class":208},"                  # 重启服务\n",[193,1454,1455,1457,1459,1462,1464,1466,1468,1470],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,1456,201],{"class":200},[193,1458,1375],{"class":204},[193,1460,1461],{"class":204}," reload",[193,1463,231],{"class":230},[193,1465,1383],{"class":204},[193,1467,238],{"class":237},[193,1469,241],{"class":230},[193,1471,1472],{"class":208},"                   # 重载配置（不中断主进程）\n",[193,1474,1475,1477,1479,1482,1484,1486,1488,1490],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,1476,201],{"class":200},[193,1478,1375],{"class":204},[193,1480,1481],{"class":204}," enable",[193,1483,231],{"class":230},[193,1485,1383],{"class":204},[193,1487,238],{"class":237},[193,1489,241],{"class":230},[193,1491,1492],{"class":208},"                   # 设置开机自启\n",[193,1494,1496,1498,1500,1503,1505,1507,1509,1511],{"class":1495,"line":305},[196,197],[193,1497,201],{"class":200},[193,1499,1375],{"class":204},[193,1501,1502],{"class":204}," disable",[193,1504,231],{"class":230},[193,1506,1383],{"class":204},[193,1508,238],{"class":237},[193,1510,241],{"class":230},[193,1512,1513],{"class":208},"                  # 取消开机自启\n",[193,1515,1517,1519,1521,1524,1526,1528,1530,1532],{"class":1516,"line":185},[196,197],[193,1518,201],{"class":200},[193,1520,1375],{"class":204},[193,1522,1523],{"class":204}," is-active",[193,1525,231],{"class":230},[193,1527,1383],{"class":204},[193,1529,238],{"class":237},[193,1531,241],{"class":230},[193,1533,1534],{"class":208},"                # 检查服务是否运行中\n",[193,1536,1537,1539,1541,1544,1547],{"class":196,"line":354},[193,1538,201],{"class":200},[193,1540,1375],{"class":204},[193,1542,1543],{"class":204}," list-units",[193,1545,1546],{"class":204}," --type=service",[193,1548,1549],{"class":208},"          # 列出已加载的服务单元\n",[193,1551,1552,1554,1556,1559],{"class":196,"line":375},[193,1553,201],{"class":200},[193,1555,1375],{"class":204},[193,1557,1558],{"class":204}," daemon-reload",[193,1560,1561],{"class":208},"                      # 重新加载 unit 配置\n",[193,1563,1564,1566,1569,1571,1573,1575,1577,1579],{"class":196,"line":398},[193,1565,201],{"class":200},[193,1567,1568],{"class":204}," journalctl",[193,1570,754],{"class":204},[193,1572,231],{"class":230},[193,1574,1383],{"class":204},[193,1576,238],{"class":237},[193,1578,241],{"class":230},[193,1580,1581],{"class":208},"                      # 查看指定服务日志\n",[193,1583,1584,1586,1588,1590,1592,1594,1596,1598,1601],{"class":196,"line":186},[193,1585,201],{"class":200},[193,1587,1568],{"class":204},[193,1589,754],{"class":204},[193,1591,231],{"class":230},[193,1593,1383],{"class":204},[193,1595,238],{"class":237},[193,1597,241],{"class":230},[193,1599,1600],{"class":204}," -f",[193,1602,1603],{"class":208},"                   # 实时跟踪服务日志\n",[193,1605,1606,1608,1610,1613],{"class":196,"line":456},[193,1607,201],{"class":200},[193,1609,1568],{"class":204},[193,1611,1612],{"class":204}," -xe",[193,1614,1615],{"class":208},"                               # 查看最近系统错误日志\n",[174,1617,1618],{"id":1618},"软件包管理",[1620,1621,1623,1799],"tabs",{"sync":1622},"distro",[1624,1625,1627],"tabs-item",{"label":1626},"Debian \u002F Ubuntu",[178,1628,1631],{"className":180,"code":1629,"highlights":1630,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ sudo apt update                              # 更新软件源索引\n$ sudo apt install \u003Cpackage>                   # 安装软件包\n$ sudo apt remove \u003Cpackage>                    # 卸载软件包（保留配置）\n$ sudo apt purge \u003Cpackage>                     # 卸载并删除配置文件\n$ sudo apt upgrade                             # 升级已安装软件包\n$ apt search \u003Ckeyword>                         # 搜索软件包\n$ apt show \u003Cpackage>                           # 查看软件包详情\n$ dpkg -l | grep \u003Ckeyword>                     # 列出已安装包并过滤\n",[183,212,184],[190,1632,1633,1649,1673,1695,1718,1732,1753,1773],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,1634,1636,1638,1640,1643,1646],{"class":1635,"line":183},[196,197],[193,1637,201],{"class":200},[193,1639,288],{"class":204},[193,1641,1642],{"class":204}," apt",[193,1644,1645],{"class":204}," update",[193,1647,1648],{"class":208},"                              # 更新软件源索引\n",[193,1650,1652,1654,1656,1658,1661,1663,1666,1668,1670],{"class":1651,"line":212},[196,197],[193,1653,201],{"class":200},[193,1655,288],{"class":204},[193,1657,1642],{"class":204},[193,1659,1660],{"class":204}," install",[193,1662,231],{"class":230},[193,1664,1665],{"class":204},"packag",[193,1667,238],{"class":237},[193,1669,241],{"class":230},[193,1671,1672],{"class":208},"                   # 安装软件包\n",[193,1674,1675,1677,1679,1681,1684,1686,1688,1690,1692],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,1676,201],{"class":200},[193,1678,288],{"class":204},[193,1680,1642],{"class":204},[193,1682,1683],{"class":204}," remove",[193,1685,231],{"class":230},[193,1687,1665],{"class":204},[193,1689,238],{"class":237},[193,1691,241],{"class":230},[193,1693,1694],{"class":208},"                    # 卸载软件包（保留配置）\n",[193,1696,1698,1700,1702,1704,1707,1709,1711,1713,1715],{"class":1697,"line":184},[196,197],[193,1699,201],{"class":200},[193,1701,288],{"class":204},[193,1703,1642],{"class":204},[193,1705,1706],{"class":204}," purge",[193,1708,231],{"class":230},[193,1710,1665],{"class":204},[193,1712,238],{"class":237},[193,1714,241],{"class":230},[193,1716,1717],{"class":208},"                     # 卸载并删除配置文件\n",[193,1719,1720,1722,1724,1726,1729],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,1721,201],{"class":200},[193,1723,288],{"class":204},[193,1725,1642],{"class":204},[193,1727,1728],{"class":204}," upgrade",[193,1730,1731],{"class":208},"                             # 升级已安装软件包\n",[193,1733,1734,1736,1738,1741,1743,1746,1748,1750],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,1735,201],{"class":200},[193,1737,1642],{"class":204},[193,1739,1740],{"class":204}," search",[193,1742,231],{"class":230},[193,1744,1745],{"class":204},"keywor",[193,1747,1326],{"class":237},[193,1749,241],{"class":230},[193,1751,1752],{"class":208},"                         # 搜索软件包\n",[193,1754,1755,1757,1759,1762,1764,1766,1768,1770],{"class":196,"line":305},[193,1756,201],{"class":200},[193,1758,1642],{"class":204},[193,1760,1761],{"class":204}," show",[193,1763,231],{"class":230},[193,1765,1665],{"class":204},[193,1767,238],{"class":237},[193,1769,241],{"class":230},[193,1771,1772],{"class":208},"                           # 查看软件包详情\n",[193,1774,1775,1777,1780,1782,1785,1788,1790,1792,1794,1796],{"class":196,"line":185},[193,1776,201],{"class":200},[193,1778,1779],{"class":204}," dpkg",[193,1781,731],{"class":204},[193,1783,1784],{"class":230}," |",[193,1786,1787],{"class":200}," grep",[193,1789,231],{"class":230},[193,1791,1745],{"class":204},[193,1793,1326],{"class":237},[193,1795,241],{"class":230},[193,1797,1798],{"class":208},"                     # 列出已安装包并过滤\n",[1624,1800,1802],{"label":1801},"RHEL \u002F Fedora",[178,1803,1806],{"className":180,"code":1804,"highlights":1805,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ sudo dnf check-update                        # 检查可用更新\n$ sudo dnf install \u003Cpackage>                   # 安装软件包\n$ sudo dnf remove \u003Cpackage>                    # 卸载软件包\n$ sudo dnf upgrade                             # 升级已安装软件包\n$ dnf search \u003Ckeyword>                         # 搜索软件包\n$ dnf info \u003Cpackage>                           # 查看软件包详情\n$ rpm -qa | grep \u003Ckeyword>                     # 列出已安装 RPM 并过滤\n",[183,212,184],[190,1807,1808,1824,1845,1866,1879,1897,1916],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,1809,1811,1813,1815,1818,1821],{"class":1810,"line":183},[196,197],[193,1812,201],{"class":200},[193,1814,288],{"class":204},[193,1816,1817],{"class":204}," dnf",[193,1819,1820],{"class":204}," check-update",[193,1822,1823],{"class":208},"                        # 检查可用更新\n",[193,1825,1827,1829,1831,1833,1835,1837,1839,1841,1843],{"class":1826,"line":212},[196,197],[193,1828,201],{"class":200},[193,1830,288],{"class":204},[193,1832,1817],{"class":204},[193,1834,1660],{"class":204},[193,1836,231],{"class":230},[193,1838,1665],{"class":204},[193,1840,238],{"class":237},[193,1842,241],{"class":230},[193,1844,1672],{"class":208},[193,1846,1847,1849,1851,1853,1855,1857,1859,1861,1863],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,1848,201],{"class":200},[193,1850,288],{"class":204},[193,1852,1817],{"class":204},[193,1854,1683],{"class":204},[193,1856,231],{"class":230},[193,1858,1665],{"class":204},[193,1860,238],{"class":237},[193,1862,241],{"class":230},[193,1864,1865],{"class":208},"                    # 卸载软件包\n",[193,1867,1869,1871,1873,1875,1877],{"class":1868,"line":184},[196,197],[193,1870,201],{"class":200},[193,1872,288],{"class":204},[193,1874,1817],{"class":204},[193,1876,1728],{"class":204},[193,1878,1731],{"class":208},[193,1880,1881,1883,1885,1887,1889,1891,1893,1895],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,1882,201],{"class":200},[193,1884,1817],{"class":204},[193,1886,1740],{"class":204},[193,1888,231],{"class":230},[193,1890,1745],{"class":204},[193,1892,1326],{"class":237},[193,1894,241],{"class":230},[193,1896,1752],{"class":208},[193,1898,1899,1901,1903,1906,1908,1910,1912,1914],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,1900,201],{"class":200},[193,1902,1817],{"class":204},[193,1904,1905],{"class":204}," info",[193,1907,231],{"class":230},[193,1909,1665],{"class":204},[193,1911,238],{"class":237},[193,1913,241],{"class":230},[193,1915,1772],{"class":208},[193,1917,1918,1920,1923,1926,1928,1930,1932,1934,1936,1938],{"class":196,"line":305},[193,1919,201],{"class":200},[193,1921,1922],{"class":204}," rpm",[193,1924,1925],{"class":204}," -qa",[193,1927,1784],{"class":230},[193,1929,1787],{"class":200},[193,1931,231],{"class":230},[193,1933,1745],{"class":204},[193,1935,1326],{"class":237},[193,1937,241],{"class":230},[193,1939,1940],{"class":208},"                     # 列出已安装 RPM 并过滤\n",[174,1942,1943],{"id":1943},"磁盘与挂载",[178,1945,1948],{"className":180,"code":1946,"highlights":1947,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ df -h                                        # 查看磁盘空间（人类可读）\n$ du -sh \u003Cpath>                                # 查看目录占用总大小\n$ du -h --max-depth=1 \u003Cpath>                   # 查看一级子目录占用\n$ lsblk                                        # 查看块设备与挂载点\n$ sudo fdisk -l                                # 列出磁盘分区表\n$ mount                                        # 查看当前挂载\n$ sudo mount \u003Cdevice> \u003Cmountpoint>             # 挂载设备\n$ sudo umount \u003Cmountpoint>                     # 卸载挂载点\n$ sudo mount -a                                # 按 \u002Fetc\u002Ffstab 挂载所有条目\n",[183,212,261,185],[190,1949,1950,1964,1988,2010,2020,2035,2045,2075,2096],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,1951,1953,1955,1958,1961],{"class":1952,"line":183},[196,197],[193,1954,201],{"class":200},[193,1956,1957],{"class":204}," df",[193,1959,1960],{"class":204}," -h",[193,1962,1963],{"class":208},"                                        # 查看磁盘空间（人类可读）\n",[193,1965,1967,1969,1972,1975,1977,1980,1983,1985],{"class":1966,"line":212},[196,197],[193,1968,201],{"class":200},[193,1970,1971],{"class":204}," du",[193,1973,1974],{"class":204}," -sh",[193,1976,231],{"class":230},[193,1978,1979],{"class":204},"pat",[193,1981,1982],{"class":237},"h",[193,1984,241],{"class":230},[193,1986,1987],{"class":208},"                                # 查看目录占用总大小\n",[193,1989,1990,1992,1994,1996,1999,2001,2003,2005,2007],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,1991,201],{"class":200},[193,1993,1971],{"class":204},[193,1995,1960],{"class":204},[193,1997,1998],{"class":204}," --max-depth=1",[193,2000,231],{"class":230},[193,2002,1979],{"class":204},[193,2004,1982],{"class":237},[193,2006,241],{"class":230},[193,2008,2009],{"class":208},"                   # 查看一级子目录占用\n",[193,2011,2012,2014,2017],{"class":196,"line":184},[193,2013,201],{"class":200},[193,2015,2016],{"class":204}," lsblk",[193,2018,2019],{"class":208},"                                        # 查看块设备与挂载点\n",[193,2021,2023,2025,2027,2030,2032],{"class":2022,"line":261},[196,197],[193,2024,201],{"class":200},[193,2026,288],{"class":204},[193,2028,2029],{"class":204}," fdisk",[193,2031,731],{"class":204},[193,2033,2034],{"class":208},"                                # 列出磁盘分区表\n",[193,2036,2037,2039,2042],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,2038,201],{"class":200},[193,2040,2041],{"class":204}," mount",[193,2043,2044],{"class":208},"                                        # 查看当前挂载\n",[193,2046,2047,2049,2051,2053,2055,2058,2060,2062,2064,2067,2070,2072],{"class":196,"line":305},[193,2048,201],{"class":200},[193,2050,288],{"class":204},[193,2052,2041],{"class":204},[193,2054,231],{"class":230},[193,2056,2057],{"class":204},"devic",[193,2059,238],{"class":237},[193,2061,241],{"class":230},[193,2063,231],{"class":230},[193,2065,2066],{"class":204},"mountpoin",[193,2068,2069],{"class":237},"t",[193,2071,241],{"class":230},[193,2073,2074],{"class":208},"             # 挂载设备\n",[193,2076,2078,2080,2082,2085,2087,2089,2091,2093],{"class":2077,"line":185},[196,197],[193,2079,201],{"class":200},[193,2081,288],{"class":204},[193,2083,2084],{"class":204}," umount",[193,2086,231],{"class":230},[193,2088,2066],{"class":204},[193,2090,2069],{"class":237},[193,2092,241],{"class":230},[193,2094,2095],{"class":208},"                     # 卸载挂载点\n",[193,2097,2098,2100,2102,2104,2106],{"class":196,"line":354},[193,2099,201],{"class":200},[193,2101,288],{"class":204},[193,2103,2041],{"class":204},[193,2105,632],{"class":204},[193,2107,2108],{"class":208},"                                # 按 \u002Fetc\u002Ffstab 挂载所有条目\n",[174,2110,2111],{"id":2111},"日志与审计",[178,2113,2116],{"className":180,"code":2114,"highlights":2115,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ last                                         # 查看用户登录记录\n$ last \u003Cusername>                              # 查看指定用户登录记录\n$ lastlog                                      # 查看所有用户最近登录时间\n$ sudo journalctl -b                           # 查看本次启动以来的日志\n$ sudo journalctl --since \"1 hour ago\"         # 查看最近一小时日志\n$ sudo journalctl -p err                       # 仅查看错误级别日志\n",[183,212,261,283],[190,2117,2118,2129,2147,2157,2171,2195],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2119,2121,2123,2126],{"class":2120,"line":183},[196,197],[193,2122,201],{"class":200},[193,2124,2125],{"class":204}," last",[193,2127,2128],{"class":208},"                                         # 查看用户登录记录\n",[193,2130,2132,2134,2136,2138,2140,2142,2144],{"class":2131,"line":212},[196,197],[193,2133,201],{"class":200},[193,2135,2125],{"class":204},[193,2137,231],{"class":230},[193,2139,234],{"class":204},[193,2141,238],{"class":237},[193,2143,241],{"class":230},[193,2145,2146],{"class":208},"                              # 查看指定用户登录记录\n",[193,2148,2149,2151,2154],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,2150,201],{"class":200},[193,2152,2153],{"class":204}," lastlog",[193,2155,2156],{"class":208},"                                      # 查看所有用户最近登录时间\n",[193,2158,2159,2161,2163,2165,2168],{"class":196,"line":184},[193,2160,201],{"class":200},[193,2162,288],{"class":204},[193,2164,1568],{"class":204},[193,2166,2167],{"class":204}," -b",[193,2169,2170],{"class":208},"                           # 查看本次启动以来的日志\n",[193,2172,2174,2176,2178,2180,2183,2186,2189,2192],{"class":2173,"line":261},[196,197],[193,2175,201],{"class":200},[193,2177,288],{"class":204},[193,2179,1568],{"class":204},[193,2181,2182],{"class":204}," --since",[193,2184,2185],{"class":230}," \"",[193,2187,2188],{"class":204},"1 hour ago",[193,2190,2191],{"class":230},"\"",[193,2193,2194],{"class":208},"         # 查看最近一小时日志\n",[193,2196,2198,2200,2202,2204,2206,2209],{"class":2197,"line":283},[196,197],[193,2199,201],{"class":200},[193,2201,288],{"class":204},[193,2203,1568],{"class":204},[193,2205,1346],{"class":204},[193,2207,2208],{"class":204}," err",[193,2210,2211],{"class":208},"                       # 仅查看错误级别日志\n",[1620,2213,2214,2237],{"sync":1622},[1624,2215,2216],{"label":1626},[178,2217,2219],{"className":180,"code":2218,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ sudo grep sudo \u002Fvar\u002Flog\u002Fauth.log             # 查看 sudo 操作记录\n",[190,2220,2221],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2222,2223,2225,2227,2229,2231,2234],{"class":196,"line":183},[193,2224,201],{"class":200},[193,2226,288],{"class":204},[193,2228,1787],{"class":204},[193,2230,288],{"class":204},[193,2232,2233],{"class":204}," \u002Fvar\u002Flog\u002Fauth.log",[193,2235,2236],{"class":208},"             # 查看 sudo 操作记录\n",[1624,2238,2239],{"label":1801},[178,2240,2242],{"className":180,"code":2241,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ sudo grep sudo \u002Fvar\u002Flog\u002Fsecure               # 查看 sudo 操作记录\n",[190,2243,2244],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2245,2246,2248,2250,2252,2254,2257],{"class":196,"line":183},[193,2247,201],{"class":200},[193,2249,288],{"class":204},[193,2251,1787],{"class":204},[193,2253,288],{"class":204},[193,2255,2256],{"class":204}," \u002Fvar\u002Flog\u002Fsecure",[193,2258,2259],{"class":208},"               # 查看 sudo 操作记录\n",[174,2261,2262],{"id":2262},"系统信息",[178,2264,2267],{"className":180,"code":2265,"highlights":2266,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ uname -a                                     # 查看内核与架构信息\n$ hostnamectl                                  # 查看\u002F设置主机名与系统信息\n$ timedatectl                                  # 查看\u002F设置时区与时间同步状态\n$ cat \u002Fetc\u002Fos-release                          # 查看发行版信息\n$ lscpu                                        # 查看 CPU 信息\n$ free -h                                      # 查看内存与 swap 使用\n$ uptime                                       # 查看运行时长与负载\n$ runlevel                                     # 查看当前运行级别（传统 init）\n",[183,212,223,283],[190,2268,2269,2282,2293,2304,2316,2326,2339,2349],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2270,2272,2274,2277,2279],{"class":2271,"line":183},[196,197],[193,2273,201],{"class":200},[193,2275,2276],{"class":204}," uname",[193,2278,632],{"class":204},[193,2280,2281],{"class":208},"                                     # 查看内核与架构信息\n",[193,2283,2285,2287,2290],{"class":2284,"line":212},[196,197],[193,2286,201],{"class":200},[193,2288,2289],{"class":204}," hostnamectl",[193,2291,2292],{"class":208},"                                  # 查看\u002F设置主机名与系统信息\n",[193,2294,2296,2298,2301],{"class":2295,"line":223},[196,197],[193,2297,201],{"class":200},[193,2299,2300],{"class":204}," timedatectl",[193,2302,2303],{"class":208},"                                  # 查看\u002F设置时区与时间同步状态\n",[193,2305,2306,2308,2310,2313],{"class":196,"line":184},[193,2307,201],{"class":200},[193,2309,252],{"class":204},[193,2311,2312],{"class":204}," \u002Fetc\u002Fos-release",[193,2314,2315],{"class":208},"                          # 查看发行版信息\n",[193,2317,2318,2320,2323],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,2319,201],{"class":200},[193,2321,2322],{"class":204}," lscpu",[193,2324,2325],{"class":208},"                                        # 查看 CPU 信息\n",[193,2327,2329,2331,2334,2336],{"class":2328,"line":283},[196,197],[193,2330,201],{"class":200},[193,2332,2333],{"class":204}," free",[193,2335,1960],{"class":204},[193,2337,2338],{"class":208},"                                      # 查看内存与 swap 使用\n",[193,2340,2341,2343,2346],{"class":196,"line":305},[193,2342,201],{"class":200},[193,2344,2345],{"class":204}," uptime",[193,2347,2348],{"class":208},"                                       # 查看运行时长与负载\n",[193,2350,2351,2353,2356],{"class":196,"line":185},[193,2352,201],{"class":200},[193,2354,2355],{"class":204}," runlevel",[193,2357,2358],{"class":208},"                                     # 查看当前运行级别（传统 init）\n",[174,2360,2361],{"id":2361},"定时任务",[178,2363,2366],{"className":180,"code":2364,"highlights":2365,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ crontab -l                                   # 查看当前用户 crontab\n$ crontab -e                                   # 编辑当前用户 crontab\n$ sudo crontab -u \u003Cusername> -e                # 编辑指定用户 crontab\n$ ls \u002Fetc\u002Fcron.d\u002F                              # 查看系统级定时任务目录\n$ systemctl list-timers                        # 查看 systemd 定时器\n$ systemctl status \u003Ctimer>                     # 查看定时器状态\n",[183,212,261],[190,2367,2368,2381,2394,2417,2429,2442],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2369,2371,2373,2376,2378],{"class":2370,"line":183},[196,197],[193,2372,201],{"class":200},[193,2374,2375],{"class":204}," crontab",[193,2377,731],{"class":204},[193,2379,2380],{"class":208},"                                   # 查看当前用户 crontab\n",[193,2382,2384,2386,2388,2391],{"class":2383,"line":212},[196,197],[193,2385,201],{"class":200},[193,2387,2375],{"class":204},[193,2389,2390],{"class":204}," -e",[193,2392,2393],{"class":208},"                                   # 编辑当前用户 crontab\n",[193,2395,2396,2398,2400,2402,2404,2406,2408,2410,2412,2414],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,2397,201],{"class":200},[193,2399,288],{"class":204},[193,2401,2375],{"class":204},[193,2403,754],{"class":204},[193,2405,231],{"class":230},[193,2407,234],{"class":204},[193,2409,238],{"class":237},[193,2411,241],{"class":230},[193,2413,2390],{"class":204},[193,2415,2416],{"class":208},"                # 编辑指定用户 crontab\n",[193,2418,2419,2421,2423,2426],{"class":196,"line":184},[193,2420,201],{"class":200},[193,2422,871],{"class":204},[193,2424,2425],{"class":204}," \u002Fetc\u002Fcron.d\u002F",[193,2427,2428],{"class":208},"                              # 查看系统级定时任务目录\n",[193,2430,2432,2434,2436,2439],{"class":2431,"line":261},[196,197],[193,2433,201],{"class":200},[193,2435,1375],{"class":204},[193,2437,2438],{"class":204}," list-timers",[193,2440,2441],{"class":208},"                        # 查看 systemd 定时器\n",[193,2443,2444,2446,2448,2450,2452,2455,2457,2459],{"class":196,"line":283},[193,2445,201],{"class":200},[193,2447,1375],{"class":204},[193,2449,1378],{"class":204},[193,2451,231],{"class":230},[193,2453,2454],{"class":204},"time",[193,2456,948],{"class":237},[193,2458,241],{"class":230},[193,2460,2461],{"class":208},"                     # 查看定时器状态\n",[174,2463,2464],{"id":2464},"防火墙",[1620,2466,2467,2563],{"sync":1622},[1624,2468,2469],{"label":1626},[178,2470,2473],{"className":180,"code":2471,"highlights":2472,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ sudo ufw status                                     # 查看防火墙状态\n$ sudo ufw enable                                     # 启用防火墙\n$ sudo ufw allow 22\u002Ftcp                               # 放行 SSH 端口\n$ sudo ufw deny \u003Cport>                                # 拒绝指定端口\n$ sudo ufw delete allow 22\u002Ftcp                        # 删除规则\n",[183,212,184],[190,2474,2475,2490,2504,2521,2545],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2476,2478,2480,2482,2485,2487],{"class":2477,"line":183},[196,197],[193,2479,201],{"class":200},[193,2481,288],{"class":204},[193,2483,2484],{"class":204}," ufw",[193,2486,1378],{"class":204},[193,2488,2489],{"class":208},"                                     # 查看防火墙状态\n",[193,2491,2493,2495,2497,2499,2501],{"class":2492,"line":212},[196,197],[193,2494,201],{"class":200},[193,2496,288],{"class":204},[193,2498,2484],{"class":204},[193,2500,1481],{"class":204},[193,2502,2503],{"class":208},"                                     # 启用防火墙\n",[193,2505,2506,2508,2510,2512,2515,2518],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,2507,201],{"class":200},[193,2509,288],{"class":204},[193,2511,2484],{"class":204},[193,2513,2514],{"class":204}," allow",[193,2516,2517],{"class":204}," 22\u002Ftcp",[193,2519,2520],{"class":208},"                               # 放行 SSH 端口\n",[193,2522,2524,2526,2528,2530,2533,2535,2538,2540,2542],{"class":2523,"line":184},[196,197],[193,2525,201],{"class":200},[193,2527,288],{"class":204},[193,2529,2484],{"class":204},[193,2531,2532],{"class":204}," deny",[193,2534,231],{"class":230},[193,2536,2537],{"class":204},"por",[193,2539,2069],{"class":237},[193,2541,241],{"class":230},[193,2543,2544],{"class":208},"                                # 拒绝指定端口\n",[193,2546,2547,2549,2551,2553,2556,2558,2560],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,2548,201],{"class":200},[193,2550,288],{"class":204},[193,2552,2484],{"class":204},[193,2554,2555],{"class":204}," delete",[193,2557,2514],{"class":204},[193,2559,2517],{"class":204},[193,2561,2562],{"class":208},"                        # 删除规则\n",[1624,2564,2565],{"label":1801},[178,2566,2569],{"className":180,"code":2567,"highlights":2568,"language":187,"meta":188,"style":188},"$ sudo firewall-cmd --state                           # 查看防火墙状态\n$ sudo firewall-cmd --list-all                        # 列出当前区域规则\n$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http    # 永久放行 HTTP 服务\n$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload                          # 重载配置使永久规则生效\n$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --remove-service=http # 永久移除 HTTP 服务\n",[183,212,184],[190,2570,2571,2587,2602,2619,2634],{"__ignoreMap":188},[193,2572,2574,2576,2578,2581,2584],{"class":2573,"line":183},[196,197],[193,2575,201],{"class":200},[193,2577,288],{"class":204},[193,2579,2580],{"class":204}," firewall-cmd",[193,2582,2583],{"class":204}," --state",[193,2585,2586],{"class":208},"                           # 查看防火墙状态\n",[193,2588,2590,2592,2594,2596,2599],{"class":2589,"line":212},[196,197],[193,2591,201],{"class":200},[193,2593,288],{"class":204},[193,2595,2580],{"class":204},[193,2597,2598],{"class":204}," --list-all",[193,2600,2601],{"class":208},"                        # 列出当前区域规则\n",[193,2603,2604,2606,2608,2610,2613,2616],{"class":196,"line":223},[193,2605,201],{"class":200},[193,2607,288],{"class":204},[193,2609,2580],{"class":204},[193,2611,2612],{"class":204}," --permanent",[193,2614,2615],{"class":204}," --add-service=http",[193,2617,2618],{"class":208},"    # 永久放行 HTTP 服务\n",[193,2620,2622,2624,2626,2628,2631],{"class":2621,"line":184},[196,197],[193,2623,201],{"class":200},[193,2625,288],{"class":204},[193,2627,2580],{"class":204},[193,2629,2630],{"class":204}," --reload",[193,2632,2633],{"class":208},"                          # 重载配置使永久规则生效\n",[193,2635,2636,2638,2640,2642,2644,2647],{"class":196,"line":261},[193,2637,201],{"class":200},[193,2639,288],{"class":204},[193,2641,2580],{"class":204},[193,2643,2612],{"class":204},[193,2645,2646],{"class":204}," --remove-service=http",[193,2648,2649],{"class":208}," # 永久移除 HTTP 服务\n",[2651,2652,2653],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sBMFI, html code.shiki .sBMFI{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sfazB, html code.shiki .sfazB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sHwdD, html code.shiki .sHwdD{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sMK4o, html code.shiki .sMK4o{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sTEyZ, html code.shiki .sTEyZ{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sbssI, html code.shiki .sbssI{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}",{"title":188,"searchDepth":212,"depth":212,"links":2655},[2656,2657,2658,2659,2660,2661,2662,2663,2664,2665,2666,2667],{"id":176,"depth":212,"text":176},{"id":522,"depth":212,"text":522},{"id":684,"depth":212,"text":684},{"id":813,"depth":212,"text":813},{"id":1170,"depth":212,"text":1170},{"id":1361,"depth":212,"text":1361},{"id":1618,"depth":212,"text":1618},{"id":1943,"depth":212,"text":1943},{"id":2111,"depth":212,"text":2111},{"id":2262,"depth":212,"text":2262},{"id":2361,"depth":212,"text":2361},{"id":2464,"depth":212,"text":2464},"md",null,{},{"icon":122},{"title":119,"description":188},"zjspj29auKAjatXifWjCexckkLeH8Ma73LQadkmQ2nc",[2675,2676],{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116,"description":188,"icon":117,"children":-1},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126,"description":188,"icon":127,"children":-1},1789315519984]